Culinary meets diplomacy
editor
Nina Novak
An interview with Tomaž Kavčič, a renowned Slovenian chef and honorary consul of Serbia in Slovenia.
As the honorary consul of Serbia in Slovenia, how do you see the intertwining of the culinary traditions of both countries, and does this influence your culinary creations?
In everyday life, the influences of traditional Serbian cuisine in Slovenia may be more visible than those of Slovenian cuisine in Serbia, which has long operated in relative isolation, with the Orient having the greatest influence.
Traditional cuisine, and therefore gastronomy, in Slovenia, particularly in our region of Primorska, has always absorbed influences from Central European cuisine, with a distinct Germanic flavor enriched by Hungarian influences on one side. On the other side, it is influenced by Mediterranean cuisine, largely shaped by Venetian gastronomy, giving it a unique identity and authenticity. When Slovenia became part of a shared state, we embraced the culinary traditions from all parts of the former Yugoslavia, further enriching the cuisine of Primorska with these influences.
As I observe, this influence and blending of different cuisines from the broader region are not as evident in Serbia. However, Belgrade, a metropolis of two million people, is significantly more cosmopolitan and globally oriented in its gastronomy. I’m not referring to traditional Serbian cuisine, which is highly valued and sought after by visitors to Serbia, but to modern cuisine, which builds on local and seasonal principles, adapting preparation techniques to the basic goal of highlighting flavors and ingredients with minimal interference.
This approach is my guiding principle in culinary creation, which I want to share with my colleagues in Serbia. Fundamentally, I understand the role of honorary consul as that of a person who deeply respects the traditions of both nations. Cuisine is one of the foundations of tradition and the broader culture of a nation.
What is your philosophy regarding the use of local ingredients and traditional recipes?
My philosophy aligns with the fundamental principles of modern cuisine: local and seasonal. I’m fortunate to operate in a region where the Mediterranean, the Alps and Balkans meet, influenced by the Pannonian Plain. I work in a region shaped by over a thousand years of interaction between Germanic, Latin, and Slavic nations, where Austrian, Italian, and Slovenian cultures blend into a unique whole. These natural features have been passed down to me as a representative of the fourth generation of restaurateus in the Vipava Valley.
When the evening breeze enriches the Mediterranean aroma with essential oils from the Karst vegetation and the sun slowly sets where, viewed from the terrace of Zemono Mansion, the Alps descend to the plains towards the Adriatic Sea, my philosophy takes on a special dimension. Even when the cold bura wind blows everything far out to the open sea. When the wind calms down, a pleasant tranquility spreads again over the Vipava Valley. All of this forms the distinctive flavors of the produce and fruits of the land and waters, visible and palpable on the terrace of Zemono Mansion. We follow traditional recipes, constantly experimenting with new cooking techniques to highlight uniqueness and original flavor of produce.
How does your style differ from others, and what do you believe is the key to success?
My style is characterized by highlighting the fundamental flavors of the ingredients. I seek techniques that enable me to do this, either by refining them or sometimes creating my own. However, everything is based on the classical knowledge of cooking that I’ve gained from the tradition of four generations of restaurateurs—now slowly transitioning to the fifth.
It’s essential to understand that gastronomy is an integral part of hospitality, which encompasses much more than just food preparation. The essence of hospitality is guest satisfaction, ensuring they feel as comfortable as possible from the moment they enter our restaurant until they leave.
My style is also recognizable for its unique presentation and plate composition. Personal touches are evident in my culinary creations, distinguishing me from others.
How do you see the future of gastronomy in Slovenia, Serbia, and globally, and what role can gastronomy play in fostering collaboration and building strategic partnerships?
The future of gastronomy undoubtedly lies in respecting local and seasonal ingredients. We must not deviate from this almost overused phrase because gastronomy contributes to the most significant challenge of our times: reducing global warming. By strictly adhering to the principles of local and seasonal ingredients, we can reduce the carbon footprint of gastronomy. However, reducing the carbon footprint is no longer enough today. We need to adapt to climate change, learn to live with it, and protect ourselves from its destructive consequences.
Top-quality gastronomy relies on premium ingredients produced by local farmers and winemakers, who are increasingly impacted by global warming. Without protecting local producers from the adverse effects of increasingly aggressive natural disasters, high-end gastronomy will not be possible in the future.
Gastronomy in Slovenia, Serbia, and globally will need to work more closely with food producers and establish patterns of collaboration and operation that will ensure effective responses to the consequences of global warming at the local level. This represents one of the biggest challenges in building strategic partnerships.
Since high-end gastronomy always entwines personal and business connections, its strategic importance is also significant in this regard. We just need to harness it properly.
How does your work as an honorary consul influence your culinary creations, and conversely, how does your culinary expertise affect your role as a consul?
The title “honorary” reveals that this is not a professional role. My profession is gastronomy and, broadly speaking, hospitality. My knowledge in this field has little in common with my role as an honorary consul. However, gastronomy and hospitality are based on daily interaction and communication with people from different professions, backgrounds, and social statuses. This breadth has given me the ability to understand and accept individuals, diverse perspectives, and opinions from the local to the global level. It’s what helps me the most in effectively and correctly fulfilling my role as honorary consul.
I took on this role because I believe that Slovenia and Serbia can build on their traditionally good cooperation, especially the positive human relationships woven through business, family, and friendship ties across many historical periods and various challenges in interpersonal, interstate, and international relations.
I am honored to bring Serbia closer to Slovenia and Slovenia to Serbia, seeking opportunities for cooperation at all levels of society, starting with the economy.
Only direct and friendly communication enables understanding and recognition of diversity, which enriches us and does not divide or cause resentment and negativity.
By nature, I am an optimist, which was undoubtedly one of the reasons I accepted the role. I always infuse this optimism into the relations between Serbia and Slovenia in my role as honorary consul.
What has been the most unexpected or inspiring experience you’ve had throughout your career, and how did it affect your work?
Every working day brings something unexpected yet inspiring. When EU member state prime ministers gathered at Brdo pri Kranju during Slovenia’s recent EU presidency, German Chancellor Angela Merkel was particularly delighted with the dessert. Despite protocol, which usually does not allow this, she requested a second serving and invited me to her table to compliment and thank me in front of everyone.
We often host well-known figures from the worlds of sports, entertainment, and business at Zemono. We are direct and warm with them, just as we are with everyday guests—almost like friends but with respectful distance. Like all other guests, they must feel as comfortable as possible and leave with the best memories.
During the recent Milan Design Week 2024, Azimut Yachts selected me to prepare the reception for their prestigious event. We share values regarding creativity and worldview. Their newest vessel is entirely made from natural materials, aligning with my commitment to the principle of local and seasonal. When a company like this recognizes your work by engaging you for such a significant business event, it is definitely an inspiring experience.
Moments like these give me energy for further work. As long as I believe they will continue to happen, I will persist in this profession, which is magical in its own way, filling me with life satisfaction and a sense of achievement. I could write a book about all of this. Perhaps I will.
THE ADRIATIC
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The forgotten pioneer of a popular form of data visualisation
editor
Jure Stojan, DPhil
“Sparklines are small, intense, word-sized graphics with typographic resolution”, writes Edward Tufte, a guru of data visualization and information design. He is also widely recognized as the father of sparklines, outlining their core principle (“Graphics can be shrunk way down”) in his 1983 textbook The Visual Display of Quantitative Information.
Sparklines also led to a clash between Tufte and Microsoft when the software company tried to patent the concept in 2008. This form of visualisation is typically used to present trends and variations associated with some measurement (such as financial market movements or patient vital signs). Unlike typical charts, sparklines are meant to be grouped together or embedded in text, allowing for efficient communication of data trends and patterns without the need for detailed analysis.
Interestingly, an early precursor to sparklines can be traced back to the work of Arthur Schwäger Freiherr von Hohenbruck (1837–1902), an Austrian aristocrat (baron) and botanist (today, the gentleman is mostly remembered as the husband of the women’s rights activist Prisca von Hohenbruck). In an article of 1898, von Hohenbruck used small bar charts within the cells of a larger statistical table, comparing the yield of the 1897 wheat harvest with the average of the preceding ten years.
From a quick analysis of the data visualisation, one can observe that there are differences in the wheat production across different regions of the Austrian crownlands. These included several parts of the Adriatic (Krain – Carniola, now a major part of Slovenia; Görz – Gorizia, a region named after a border town in what is today Italy but otherwise shared with Slovenia; Istrien – Istria, currently divided between Italy, Croatia, and Slovenia; as well as Dalmatien – Dalmatia, now part of Croatia). Despite the varied and sometimes quite productive yields of these individual regions, their combined contribution was a small fraction of Austria’s total yield, highlighting the vast agricultural output of the other regions within the empire.
Source: Statistische Monatsschrift (the official organ of the Statistische Zentralkommission, the Imperial-and-Royal Statistical Commission), January 1898
THE ADRIATIC
This article was originally published in The Adriatic Journal: Strategic Foresight 2024
If you want a copy, please contact us at info@adriaticjournal.com.
Enhancing healthcare productivity and resilience
editor
The Adriatic team
The Society of Healthcare Economists in Slovenia convened last week to address critical issues plaguing the country’s healthcare sector. Central to the conference’s discussions was the imperative to monitor and evaluate the productivity of healthcare providers comprehensively. Participants advocated for a dual approach, focusing on both individual practitioners and multidisciplinary teams. This, it was argued, would offer a nuanced understanding of healthcare delivery efficiency from various perspectives.
The Society of Healthcare Economists in Slovenia convened last week to address critical issues plaguing the country’s healthcare sector. Central to the conference’s discussions was the imperative to monitor and evaluate the productivity of healthcare providers comprehensively. Participants advocated for a dual approach, focusing on both individual practitioners and multidisciplinary teams. This, it was argued, would offer a nuanced understanding of healthcare delivery efficiency from various perspectives.
In her welcoming speech, the president of the society, Helena Ulčar Šumčić, emphasised the importance of establishing a resilient healthcare system capable of effectively responding to crises. Recognising that a shortage of human resources undermines the system’s responsiveness, she said the investments in infrastructure, equipment, and digital technologies are pivotal to bolster resilience.
Legislative reforms also featured prominently in the discussions. The health minister Dr. Valentina Prevolnik Rupel pointed out that four laws and a number of subsidiary acts have been adopted during her short tenure, but more is needed. She stressed the need for all stakeholders to collaborate to ensure the efficiency of the healthcare system.
Participants called for amendments to current laws to regulate physicians’ employment, particularly within the public sector, emphasising tripartite agreements (both institutions and employees) and unified pricing for services in the public interest. Additionally, the need for regulatory frameworks governing wages, sick leaves, and flexible remuneration to ensure fair and efficient employment practices were also highlighted.
Another key tenet of the discussions was the pivotal role of motivated, competent workers across all generations. Participants advocated for intergenerational knowledge transfer and cooperation to harness the full potential of healthcare personnel.
To ensure financial sustainability, redefining the relationship between healthcare financing sources and optimizing the scope of rights funded from public funds was also proposed. Speakers stressed the importance of systemic changes to curb rising absenteeism and underscore the significance of effective implementation and evaluation mechanisms for healthcare policies and programs.
Furthermore, participants highlighted the importance of strategic planning, effective investment management, and clear project guidelines for successful implementation of healthcare investments. They advocated for a robust secondary network of public healthcare aligned with population needs and existing capacities.
Importantly, the debates at the conference challenged the notion that positive business outcomes alone should define the success of healthcare directors. They contended that factors such as service types, payment structures, and patient complexity must also be considered.
In navigating the ongoing healthcare crisis, the conference participants emphasised the need for shared goals, clear vision, and strengthened regulatory oversight. It was argued that these strategies are fundamental to steering the healthcare sector towards greater productivity, resilience, and success. Consequently, the role of the system regulator needs to be strengthened.
THE ADRIATIC
A Cycling Odyssey through the Western Balkans
editor
Maja Dragovic
Photos by Matevž Hribar
In the ever-evolving landscape of global travel, where adventure intertwines with sustainability, one cycling route stands out as a beacon of exploration. The Trans Dinarica Cycle Route, an ambitious trail spanning all eight countries of the Western Balkans, has garnered well-deserved recognition as one of Lonely Planet's Best in Travel experiences for 2024.
This 3364-kilometer (2090-mile) odyssey beckons with the promise of breathtaking landscapes, cultural immersion, and sustainable exploration. Winding its way through Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Kosovo, and Serbia, the Trans Dinarica unveils a tapestry of mountain ranges, the azure embrace of the Adriatic Sea, and the serenity of lakes and rivers. The route, carefully curated for exploration of UNESCO sites, national parks, and villages, embodies a commitment to responsible travel.
Border to GeoKarst
The journey kicks off in the northwest corner, tracing the Italian border with the majestic Julian Alps in the background. As cyclists pedal their way through the picturesque Goriška Brda wine region, the Trans Dinarica then reveals the wonders of Slovenia’s UNESCO-recognized GeoKarst Region. Every twist and turn in the trail presents a new chapter in the unfolding narrative of this diverse and culturally rich region.
Jan Klavora, from Good Place, a cycling and outdoor tour operator that is the route’s organiser, shared insights into its unique appeal.
“The route is special because it gives travelers a sustainable way to see some of the most special parts of the Western Balkans at a relatively slow pace,” Klavora explained. “There is more time for interaction with the landscape, cultures, food, and people along the way.”
Community connections
For the creators of the Trans Dinarica, the route’s geographic features are intricately tied to the warm welcome from the communities it traverses.
»The people along the route were the highlights«, Klavora reflects. »In every country, city, town, and village people invited us in to have coffee and share the idea of the cycle route«, he explains enhtusiastically. »In each case, they were pleased to learn that they would soon be welcoming more people into their communities and would have the chance to share their heritage with the world.«
In a region that grapples with exodus of its people, the route provides an incentive for locals to remain within their communities. As Klavora concludes, »the route provides families in cities, towns, and remote areas the opportunity to be a part of the tourism economy as they welcome adventurers.«
In the realm of cycling adventures, the Trans Dinarica Cycle Route isn’t just a physical journey but a transformative odyssey where the true treasures lie in the people who call this region home. As Lonely Planet heralds its inclusion among the Best in Travel experiences for 2024, the Trans Dinarica beckons intrepid cyclists to embark on a voyage of discovery, pedaling through the heart of the Western Balkans and leaving lasting memories etched in the landscapes and hearts along the way.
THE ADRIATIC
This article was originally published in The Adriatic Journal: Strategic Foresight 2024
If you want a copy, please contact us at info@adriaticjournal.com.
BURN AFTER REUSING
editor
The Adriatic team
Europe is facing a significant waste problem. In 2021, a staggering 54 million tonnes of waste ended up in landfills without any prior sorting or recycling. On average, Europeans produce up to five tonnes of waste per person, but only about a third of that gets efficiently recycled. Slovenia, once hailed as the “Green Capital of Europe,” is now grappling with an overwhelming accumulation of waste that recycling companies are struggling to handle due to the society’s increasing consumerism.
One seemingly intuitive solution to this problem is to burn the waste. While considered taboo and questionable by many, several countries have differing legal frameworks regarding waste incineration. Austria and Germany stand out with their stringent standards in this regard. Burning waste isn’t an end in itself; it’s seen as a viable alternative fuel source that can be utilized locally, reducing the need for importing fossil fuels. In these countries, society has largely accepted waste incineration as a necessary means of disposing of waste that has no further use.
There were initially concerns among Austrians about using waste as fuel. Dr. Roland Pomberger, a leading expert on waste management at the University of Leoben, emphasised this at the event organised by the Institute for Strategic Solutions in Ljubjana, that focused on Slovenia’s mounting waste crisis. “It’s a process,” he said. “However, after the establishment of the first incinerator, it became evident that there were no adverse effects.” An important development that ultimately contributed to the decision was Austria’s 2004 prohibition on landfill dumping, a move endorsed by the Ministry of the Environment.
Green and clean
It’s worth backtracking to note that the solution isn’t as simple as just “burning waste”. There’s the added layer of complexity: ensuring that the process doesn’t harm the local population – a fact Dr. Pomberger and many of his countrymen are keenly conscious of. Within the framework established by the EU to regulate the legal and technical aspects of waste incineration and coincineration, there’s no scientific evidence directly linking these practices to environmental or health concerns. Provided they adhere to EU standards.
It’s expected that EU member states will have to recycle at least 65% of all communal waste by 2035 and limit the amount of waste that ends up at landfills to maximum 10%, according to Dr. Filip Kokalj from the University of Maribor. He also pointed to incineration as an alternative solution that allows waste to be processed into energy for the needs of the general public.
The alternative lies in either importing fossil fuels or exporting waste, both of which contribute significantly to carbon emissions. “We’re compelled to ship waste abroad, despite the potential to utilise it for our energy needs,” stated Dragan Trivunčević, spokesperson for waste processing company VOKA Snaga. Due to inadequate infrastructure in Slovenia, the country exports waste to Bosnia, Croatia and Hungary. “A considerable portion,” added Darja Figelj, CEO of Interzero, “eventually finds its way to the Third World, where efficient and clean waste processing facilities are often lacking.”
Stuck in neutral
However, the solution in Slovenia is far from straightforward. Franc Dover, CEO of Snaga Maribor, cautioned that society’s excessive consumerism and insufficient capabilities pose significant challenges: “In services like waste management, addressing all challenges isn’t feasible solely through the efforts of one company,” he emphasised, calling for a systematic approach.
Bernarda Podlipnik, from the Slovenian ministry for the environment, disclosed that in 2012 the government planned to construct incineration plants in Ljubljana and Maribor, but the projects were put on hold.
In Ljubljana, there were three viable locations identified for incineration plants. In 2007, Energetika Ljubljana, an energy company, conducted studies on these potential sites, deeming two of them suitable. “The first was adjacent to the existing thermal power plant in Ljubljana, and the second was along Letališka cesta,” stated Gregor Golja of the company. Plans and initial studies were already in place for these locations, with only the thermal power plant remaining in consideration. In 2022, Energetika Ljubljana swiftly revisited the 2007 study, concluding that the previously excluded site near the Barje landfill was more suitable. “At that time, the planned thermal capacity of the incineration plant was around 40 MW. However, following the construction of the regional waste management centre RCERO and the potential importation of waste from two other regional centres in Jesenice and Zasavje, the thermal capacity would nearly double to 73 MW.”
Ultimately, every organic substance in nature becomes a source of energy sooner or later. “While thermal utilization may be at the bottom of the hierarchy, we cannot avoid it,” argued Dr. Tomaž Vuk, CEO of Alpacem Cement. “Every society will only succeed if it can efficiently solve its problems. It makes sense to address the issue as close to its origin as possible to avoid transportation. Therefore, we must also consider thermal utilisation where energy is needed, such as in large industrial facilities where energy drives production processes.”
Strategic sustainability reporting: Practical insights for small and medium enterprises
editor
Barbara Matjašič
JOURNALIST AT THE ADRIATIC
The record-breaking temperatures of 2023, alongside natural hazards like floods, landslides and droughts in the Western Balkans, underscore the urgent risks posed by climate change, pollution, and other environmental pressures. Climate change poses a universal threat to businesses, affecting entities of all sizes and industries. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which play vital roles in innovation, economic growth and job creation, are especially vulnerable due to their limited resources and susceptibility to global market shifts. Disruptions in supply chains, raw material shortages, and increasing financing and insurance costs for their operations, make it crucial for these businesses to implement sustainability measures promptly.
Where to start?
A strategic starting point is conducting a climate risk assessment and adjusting business models to align with emerging sustainability standards. These steps are critical as they not only mitigate the impacts of climate change but also position businesses favorably in a market that increasingly values sustainable practices.
To support SMEs in these efforts, the European Financial Reporting Advisory Group (EFRAG) has introduced two exposure drafts 1 on sustainability reporting standards for SMEs. The first draft targets SMEs with publicly traded securities (bonds, shares and other), small and non-complex institutions (SNCIs), captive insurers and reinsurers, collectively known as LSMEs. ESRS LSME ED will become mandatory on January 1, 2026, but companies can choose to delay compliance for two years. Its goal is to establish reporting requirements that match the scale and capabilities of LSMEs, making it easier for them to access financing and ensuring they are not unfairly treated by financial markets through standardized sustainability information. The second draft aims to help non-listed SMEs (micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises) efficiently handle requests for sustainability information from banks, investors, and other business partners. Known as VSME ED, it provides a simplified reporting tool intended to unify the current varied environmental, social, and governance (ESG) data requests, reduce the number of these requests and help these companies to better connect with lenders, investors, and clients.
Both standards serve as a preliminary guide for data collection and are a precursor to more stringent reporting requirements expected by mid 2024. While compliance with this standard is not yet mandatory, it signals the direction of European regulatory expectations and helps businesses prepare for future obligations.
A kind reminder: On July 31, 2023, the European Commission adopted the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS), which will be applied by all companies subject to the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). The Commission later acknowledged that small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) might not have the same resources as required by the CSRD for large companies. To assist SMEs in meeting these requirements, EFRAG got involved and developed a simplified version of the ESRS, tailored to the smaller size and specific needs of SMEs. Generally, other standards such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), ISO standards by the International Organization for Standardization, and the International Sustainability Standards Board (ISSB) are aligning with EFRAG’s expectations, as these organizations strive for interoperability. To this end, they have signed coordination memorandums.
Despite the current voluntary nature of ESRS LSME ED and VSME ED standards, it is anticipated that they will become essential benchmarks in European procurement and sustainability initiatives. SMEs will need to disclose specific Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) indicators, particularly when part of larger supply chains, underscoring the importance of proactive engagement in sustainability reporting.
To navigate these upcoming changes, companies are advised to seek expert guidance. Our consultancy specializes in assisting organizations to develop their sustainability reporting strategies effectively. Our team not only aids in report preparation but also equips businesses with the necessary knowledge to manage compliance efficiently. “Our job is to dispel fears and preconceptions about sustainability reporting. Yes, it can be done even without large, specialised departments. Yes, it can be a source of competitive advantage for small firms. An SME itself, ISR understands the unique challenges and opportunities of this class of enterprises.” says Jure Stojan, partner and director of development and research at ISR.
In conclusion, early preparation for sustainability reporting is not just about compliance; it’s about securing a competitive edge in a fast-evolving corporate landscape where sustainability is central to business success and resilience.
1 https://www.efrag.org/News/Public-479/EFRAGs-public-consultation-on-two-Exposure-Drafts-on-sustainability-r
North Macedonia's high hopes
editor
Andraž Tavčar
JOURNALIST AT THE ADRIATIC
Mention cannabis and our minds turn to a healthcare industry now worth billions. Its leaves used as a balm to treat the ailing, the plant has proven remarkably versatile in addressing a range of health issues. Clinical research has demonstrated its effectiveness in managing chronic pain and patients with debilitating conditions like multiple sclerosis have found relief in its ability to reduce muscle spasms and stiffness. Moreover, it holds promise in mitigating the severe weight loss and nausea associated with chemotherapy, offering some semblance of comfort to cancer patients.
Europe’s emerging cannabis market
The landscape went from a hidden pastime to a hive of legitimate commerce – red eyes no longer a product of a weed-induced haze, but the relentless glare of market charts. In Europe alone the industry’s growth has been significant, with its value reaching approximately $8 billion in 2023. The use of cannabis, once on the margins of medicine and society, has now moved to the forefront, with the industry projected to grow at a compound annual rate of approximately 15% between 2023 and 2027.
Across the Atlantic, the United States has already witnessed the lucrative waves of this ‘green rush’. After the 2008 economic recession forced cuts to law enforcement budgets, the financial crisis heralded a marked change in policy towards the substance. By 2012, with medical cannabis available in 18 states, voters in Colorado and Washington approved cannabis for recreational, not just medical, use.
Today, with a market valued at a USD 33 billion and legal frameworks supporting both leisure and medical applications in most states, it offers a glimpse into Europe’s potential. With a vast population of 750 million residents and a legal framework that’s progressively evolving, Europe is on the cusp of a major growth in its own cannabis industry, potentially surpassing the strides made in the U.S.
Shifts and challenges
North Macedonia is working to position itself as the main exporter of medicinal cannabis in the region, legalising the substance for medicinal use in 2016. Even legalisation of recreational use wasn’t off the table, according to the country’s Prime Minister at the time, Zoran Zaev, who promised to transform the country into an “Amsterdam in the Balkans.” But the COVID pandemic and subsequent criticism by the opposition and calls for investigations into Zaev’s personal interest in the industry, after one of his relatives was found to have obtained a growing license, seem to have put a stop on North Macedonia’s ‘green’ ambitions.
Bojana Paneva, a senior associate at the Karanovic & Partners, a law firm specialising in Southeast Europe, noted that the country saw several legislative shifts on legalising the substance, especially with a key draft law brought before the parliament in 2019, which was expected to be adopted in early 2020.
“The adoption of the draft law was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as due to certain blockages of the parliament at the time,” she says. In September 2020, the Government proposed a new version of the draft and in December, PM Zaev introduced an ambitious action plan titled “Action 21 – for European standards at home.” The plan outlined 10 major projects and initiatives slated as priorities for 2021, with the economic development of cannabis ranking fifth on the list.
“At the time, decriminalisation and total legalisation of cannabis were seriously considered, and the Government had a mainly optimistic view on the matter,” she says, adding that the government went on to form a working group dedicated to regulating and utilising cannabis. “The working group had several meetings during 2021, where the terms ‘decriminalization,’ ‘legalisation’ and ‘depenalisation’ were defined, and the Canadian experiences on the medical and personal use of cannabis were discussed.”
In 2018, Canada legalised cannabis, a move that significantly boosted its stature in the medical cannabis industry. This decision has led to a substantial economic impact, contributing USD 43 billion to Canada’s GDP and creating 151,000 jobs from 2018 to 2021. Cannabis retail outlets have become a common sight in prime Canadian locales. Major players based in Alberta and Ontario have also taken their medical cannabis operations to the European market.
Stalled progress
Paneva informs us that as of March 2021, the draft law on cannabis in North Macedonia was revoked, and there have been no further developments as of 2023. The government had ambitious plans from 2022 to 2024 to establish a comprehensive system for cannabis management and to leverage its various benefits, but those are yet to materialise. One of the crucial aspects of the agenda for the cannabis industry, establishing a special agency for cannabis for Medical and Scientific Purposes, tasked with overseeing the cultivation and production of cannabis for significant applications, remains an idea.
Paneva points out that the stagnation in legal reforms has had a detrimental effect on the industry. Companies holding licenses to grow cannabis are caught in a legal grey area, especially regarding the export of dried cannabis flowers. There’s confusion about whether they’re allowed to export or not. Local companies have been seeking clarity from the Assembly of North Macedonia on the issue, yet, as of 2023, “no such authentic interpretation has been provided.”
Budding prospects
Despite regulatory hurdles, RHpharma has managed to carve out a successful production network. A quick perusal of their website reveals the company’s guiding philosophy. Front and center in their product showcase section, where they present an array of cannabis extracts with various CBD dosages, is the evocative quote by Oscar Wilde: “Health is the first duty in life.”
Emilija Gacovski, deputy head of production, pointed out the favourable conditions for business in North Macedonia. “The cost of labour here is more affordable compared to other Balkan countries, and this applies to both highly educated professionals and workers with lower levels of education.” She adds that setting up a business in the country is easy. “For instance, while obtaining a building permit in Greece might take over two years, including all the necessary bureaucratic procedures, in Macedonia, these processes can be wrapped up in just 6 to 9 months.”
But, Gacovski points out, there are challenges when it comes to obtaining permits for the medicinal cannabis production. She notes the industry’s relative infancy in Europe, particularly in contrast to other regions where distinct regulatory bodies oversee cannabis. In Macedonia, the responsibility falls to the Agency for Medicines (MALMED), which issues permits for medicinal cannabis extract. The process for cultivating medicinal cannabis flower is even more complex, requiring approvals from multiple entities, including the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture, and MALMED.
She suggests “it would be necessary to set up a separate, autonomous agency for cannabis that would offer professional oversight, inspection and regulation in this field.”
Companies in Macedonia have appealed to the government multiple times to establish a dedicated agency, arguing it is crucial for the industry’s regulation and growth. The law, however, has not been changed for over a decade.
Despite these difficulties, Gacovski’s outlook remains positive. “Our focus now is on the German market, which is, according to global statistics, the largest consumer of medical cannabis flower,” she says. This strategic move is supported by the company’s thorough work in securing all the necessary permits and achieving quality certifications, particularly the coveted German GMP Certification.
While she acknowledges that the demand for medical cannabis extracts isn’t as robust at the moment, she believes that “once the benefits of cannabis extracts are more widely recognised, we anticipate a growing demand for these products.”
The time to rebuild Ukraine is now
editor
Photo: Boštjan Podlogar/STA
“The private sector possesses the power to mobilise much-needed investments,” emphasised the Slovenian Minister of Economy Matjaž Han, setting a tone at the onset of the event Rebuild Ukraine: Opportunities for Slovenian Business. Held at the Hotel Kompas in Kranjska Gora on March 22, the conference was organised by SPIRIT Slovenia, the Embassy of Ukraine in Slovenia, and the Institute for Strategic Solutions (ISR), with the aim to encourage joint efforts towards rebuilding Ukraine whih has been devstated by the conflict with Russia.
Echoing the minister’s sentiment, Tomaž Mencin, coordinator for Ukraine’s reconstruction at Slovenia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, added: “The idea of rebuilding and reconstructing Ukraine is based on stimulating the private sector.” The urgency to get involved was underscored by speakers at the event, as Anatolii Komirnyi, Ukraine’s Deputy Minister of Infrastructure, revealed that nearly the country’s critical infrastructure has been destroyed by the war.
Despite the onging conflict, Roland Žel, Director of the Directorate for Defence Policy at the Slovenian Ministry of Defence, stressed the urgency of starting reconstruction efforts promptly. “We must start reconstruction now, as this is important for the European economy and therefore for the Slovenian economy,” he stated.
Gearing up for reconstruction efforts
Mitigating the risks of doing buisness in a war-torn country, Gašper Jež, an expert in direct financing at SID Bank, assured participants of support for Slovenian companies in insurance, risk management, and international transactions. “Slovenian companies are well-positioned to secure a majority share of contracts if they seize the opportunity to assist in the reconstruction,” Jež emphasized.
The European Union will also contribute substantially to Ukraine’s reconstruction, assured Nataša Goršek Mencin, Deputy Head of the Representation of the European Commission in Slovenia, presenting a plan worth EUR 50 billion for the period 2024-2027.
Insights from the ground
At a roundtable discussion, moderated by Tine Kračun, director of ISR, participants from the Slovenian companies that are already operating in Ukraine, explored the prospects of collaboration and investment in Ukraine’s reconstruction efforts.
Representatives from Nazovni Tech, a non-governmental organization working closely with Ukraine’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, explained their mission to integrate scientific expertise and public initiatives for Ukraine’s recovery. “We are a non-governmental organization, a platform for recovery. Our mission is incorporating scientific expertise and public advancements, public initiatives and coordinating government action to explore more social science in recovery of Ukraine,” they stated. Emphasizing their role in project assessment, they highlighted their commitment to facilitating the adaptation and implementation of relevant techniques and methods.
“It’s a really huge country with great perspective in green and technological developments. So, stay committed, show support, and just try get over the risks with a focus on long-term collaboration.”
Riko, engineering company with a 20-year presence in Ukraine, shared their experiences amidst the conflict. Despite challenges, including the loss of a colleague, the company remains committed to Ukraine’s development. They have shifted their focus to environmental and infrastructure projects, aligning with Ukraine’s modernisation goals. “It’s a really huge country with great perspective in green and technological development. So, stay committed, show support, and just try get over the risks with a focus on long-term collaboration,” Katarina Kumelj, project manager at Riko, affirmed.
Duol, a global producer of fast-directed structure support, emphasized the urgency of addressing immediate needs in the country. “For us at the moment top priority is the logistic support to the Ukraine in terms of the temporary accommodation facilities,” emphasized Dušan Olaj, the company’s director and owner. Stressing the importance of staying updated to monitor current situations effectively, he highlighted the need for adaptability in navigating the evolving landscape.
Kontron’s focus is providing support for critical infrastructure, particularly in terms of telecommunications, transportation, railways, and energy. The company, a member of the Austrian group Kontron AG, provides information and communication solutions and has been present in Ukraine since 1995. Robert Kuzmič, director of Kontron, emphasized the significance of revitalising projects but advised businesses to be prepared for challenges in the Ukrainian market. “My message to those who want to do business, don’t expect a 100% advance payment for your product in the Ukraine market. So try to ensure finance and your job is granted, don’t wait too long, and be ready to take the risks for any operation.«
Path to the EU
editor
Andraž Tavčar
“Enlargement is no longer a dream,” said the European Council chief at the Bled Strategic Forum last year. “I believe we must be ready — on both sides — by 2030 to enlarge.”
The European Commission‘s subsequent enlargement package for the year, unveiled last November, acknowledged the geopolitical imperatives driving the need for new EU members. This was largely driven by the war in Ukraine, escalating tensions in the Middle East, and the potential of a new conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the Lachin corridor. In response, the EU is looking towards the Western Balkans to secure its periphery, an area where it still retains some operational leverage. That doesn’t come without its own set of challenges, however. The EU is forced to contend with diminishing support in the region, largely attributed to the drawn-out accession process and prevailing economic malaise.
These circumstances put the EU under considerable pressure to hasten its plans. Measures that kicked off with the commencement of admission talks with Albania and North Macedonia and granting candidate status to Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2022 have now shifted towards a concerted thrust to expand into the region by 2030.
Diplomatic tiptoeing
For two decades, the prolonged Kosovo-Serbia conflict has presented numerous attempts for resolution. Since Kosovo’s self-proclaimed independence in 2008, which Serbia didn’t acknowledge, the European Union has been playing referee as of 2010, offering the sweetener of membership as a peacekeeping incentive. The Brussels Agreement, an impactful deal officiated by the EU in 2013, was a significant stride towards improving Serbia-Kosovo relations, with a focus on governance and collaboration matters.
However, according to Michael Emerson, a senior research fellow at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS) specialising in EU enlargement, both countries currently stand at a crossroads. “Serbia and Kosovo rule themselves out for any realistic prospects of accession until and unless they have peacefully normalised their relations,” he states. “The Franco-German paper earlier last year for reconciling the two was a promising opening, and should still have a future, even though the two parties have descended to more hostile relations for the time being.”
Cascading calamity
The Franco-German proposal aims to facilitate the normalisation of relations between Belgrade and Pristina, particularly in response to the destabilising effects of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on the Western Balkan region. However, the progress of these diplomatic efforts suffered a setback after a serious incident last September. Gunmen opened fire on Kosovo police, allegedly involving Milan Radoičić, the former vice-president of the Serbian List party, leading to a temporary halt in negotiations.
This is further compounded by what Dr. Ana Bojinović Fenko, Chair of International Relations at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, also sees as a discernible lack of commitment from the political leadership of both countries to pursue normalisation. “On the contrary, political elites in both states are actively exacerbating tensions, shaping national identities in a manner that is not only exclusionary but, in some instances, overtly antagonistic towards each other.”
“The Franco-German paper earlier last year for reconciling the two was a promising opening, and should still have a future, even though the two parties have descended to more hostile relations for the time being.”
Dr. Bojinović Fenko points out that, considering the relatively underdeveloped state of civil society in both Serbia and Kosovo, the responsibility largely rests with external actors — namely Germany and France — to play a more influential role in bringing the interests of these two states closer together. Despite the positive intentions underlying the efforts to initiate dialogue, she warns that the impact of such initiatives is limited if they are merely bilateral in nature. Advocating for a broader approach, she suggests that “cooperation between these countries must be fostered through the lens of wider European initiatives, engaging various sectors, including civil service, civil society, and economic stakeholders.”
In her view, this is the only way the European Union can reasonably anticipate a transformation in the internal political climate of Serbia and Kosovo in the coming seven to ten years. She argues that a fundamental shift in mindset is required: moving away from entrenched hostilities to fostering relations akin to those of amicable neighbours.
“Through this, civil society has the opportunity to fortify its position relative to the political elite to the degree that it could challenge the prevailing ethno-political narrative that defines their current national identity”, she argues. “This would pave the way for the election of a political class that fosters peaceful coexistence and constructive cooperation within the framework of European integration, not only with the broader European community but particularly with neighbouring nations.”
“Cooperation between these countries must be fostered through the lens of wider European initiatives, engaging various sectors, including civil service, civil society, and economic stakeholders.”
Bosnia's unique case
When it comes to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Emerson described it as “still in a state of dysfunctionality.” The country that formed after the signing of the Dayton Accords in 1995 has grown increasingly so, both due to its elaborate and overburdened bureaucracy and the uneven balance between the Federation and Republika Srpska and its secessionist aspirations. “Dodik’s Serb Republic is a polity that has all that the EU would not want to import into its midst,“ notes Emerson.
Republika Srpska’s refusal to align with EU sanctions against Russia and Belarus, and the conferment of the order of Republika Srpska to Russian President Putin in January 2023 add to the difficulty of absorbing an entity whose relations with Russia are in flagrant opposition to the EU’s foreign policy.
And the rest
“This leaves Montenegro, North Macedonia and Albania as more straightforward case,” Emerson suggests. “For them reforms of the enlargement methodology are crucial to dynamise the process of opening and closing chapters and assuring the requisite reforms. The least that could be done would be to switch Council decision making on chapters and clusters a matter for qualified majority voting, for which there is widespread support.”
The aim of this reform is clear: it seeks to reduce the number of states that can veto proposals. However, its implementation is challenging – achieving unanimity is a difficult task with the EU’s current 27 member states.
“The Enlargement Package is silent on this issue but does innovate with its interesting proposal of a ‘Growth Plan’, which would offer additional funding conditional on selected steps to align on important elements of the single market and the digital sector,“ Emerson notes. This plan, encompassing a six-billion-euro Reform and Growth Facility for the Western Balkans (2024-27), aims to provide pre-accession benefits, foster economic growth and socio-economic convergence, with payments conditional on the fulfilment of agreed upon reforms.
“Dodik’s Serb Republic is a polity that has all that the EU would not want to import into its midst.“
Balancing enlargement and internal reform
The Western Balkan states, as candidates for EU membership, have consistently faced considerable skepticism from some EU members, particularly regarding the inclusion of smaller and politically less stable countries. Prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, this cautious stance was notably echoed by French President Emmanuel Macron. He repeatedly emphasized the necessity of internal EU reform as a prerequisite for considering further enlargement.
Dr. Bojinović Fenko observes the two need not be mutually exclusive. “France has historically viewed these as separate processes, fostering a belief that one must either focus solely on enlargement or on deepening the EU’s integration.” She goes on to explain that, in the past, France has “prioritised the latter, as it allowed it and like-minded member states to project substantial influence within the EU, aligning the Union’s global stance with its national interests.” However, the addition of new member states introduces a greater degree of complexity in this equation, increasingly casting France in the role of gatekeeping enlargement.
“The least that could be done would be to switch Council decision making on chapters and clusters a matter for qualified majority voting, for which there is widespread support.”
“The legitimacy of France’s interests within the EU should be recognised,” she adds, “given that since the founding of the EU, Germany has experienced a population increase, leading to increased voting power in the Council of the EU and a greater number of allegiances with like-minded member states.” Additionally, the prospective enlargement into the Western Balkans is likely to further tilt the balance in Germany’s favor, therefore “France is determined on establishing institutional arrangements that would safeguard its influence in the Union.”
Despite these challenges, there have been efforts to agree on a path of mutual progress. Emerson references a report released last year by a Franco-German working group, titled ‘Sailing on High Seas – Reforming and Enlarging the EU for the 21st Century’ which addresses the critical question of EU reform. “The proposed deepening would involve reducing veto powers in favor of qualified majority voting, potentially implemented during the transition period of Staged Accession.” Yet, Emerson concedes that unanimity on this remains elusive.
A shift towards qualified majority voting is likely to unfold incrementally, starting with certain foreign policy decisions before expanding to other areas. In the interim, the EU might continue to allow certain exemptions for member states where unanimity is required. To make qualified majority voting more acceptable to member states, the Franco-German report proposes a “sovereignty safety net” to give countries a backstop on issues where a vital national interest is at stake, as well as giving more voting weight to smaller countries in the Council.
Absent substantial reforms within the European Union and the Western Balkan countries, President Michel’s hopeful outlook could, echoing Emerson, be deemed merely “superficial.” Achieving the ambitious objective of integrating the Western Balkan states into the EU by 2030 seems improbable without significant systemic transformations on both sides.
Dr. Bojinović Fenko offers an alternative perspective. She notes the EU has historically demonstrated its ability to integrate a large number of new members prior to undertaking institutional reforms, evidenced by the end of the Cold War and the resulting emergence of new nations in Europe. “The initial accession processes began in the early 1990s. However, the necessary institutional adjustments to accommodate an enlarged EU framework were only formalised with the ratification of the Treaty of Nice in 2003, a point at which the accession negotiations with all ten Central and Eastern European countries had already concluded.”
Reflecting on the two decades since the promise of EU membership was first made to the Western Balkans, Dr. Bojinović Fenko says “it’s high time for the European Union to move beyond the binary choice of whether to enlarge or deepen. Instead, it should concentrate its efforts vigorously on enlargement, while, at the same time, strategise and implement essential reforms to its internal institutional framework.”
The European Union has charted a course towards expansion, yet the details of how to get there remain elusive. Current discussions about enlargement are as positive as they’ve ever been, with no shortage of enthusiasm among EU policymakers. But, as much as the Western Balkans aspire towards it, the ability of the EU to reach the 2030 enlargement date ultimately presents a litmus test for the bloc as a whole and would demonstrate that Western policies are effective. With the pole of the world order shifting towards Asia, the EU is entering an era of giants, and it will have to prove whether it can adapt and stand as tall as the rest of them.
A view from the Balkan youth: Should Western Balkan countries join the EU?
Ivana Blažin, 22
3rd year student of engineering management from Serbia
“Joining the EU would in my opinion be beneficial for the citizens. But on the other hand, they might not be able to withstand so much change in a short amount of time. Becoming a European Union Member brings a lot of benefits, but I don’t think Serbia is ready for it or willing to change too much.”
Natali Buli, 18
High school student from Albania
“In my opinion, Albania needs a push to show more of itself; we are often judged, but people do not know us. We want to put forward how beautiful our country is. We all have different types of tourism, but apart from that, we have so much more to offer. Joining the EU could help us embrace all of that, all our differences and those things that make us unique. It would be a great push and a great motivation for young people to work on improving our country even more.”
Ilma Šahinović, 25
First year student of Masters of International Relations, from Bosnia and Herzegovina
“I believe there are upsides and downsides to this. Personally, I am more in favour of Bosnia and Herzegovina joining the EU, as I believe it will open more doors for young people here and potentially finally slow down the constant rise in brain drain. This could essentially strengthen our bonds with the rest of the Europe and increase our living standard.”
Matic Hrabar, 19
Student of biotechnology from Slovenia
“For EU to expand, reforms and new legislations need to be introduced within the existing institutional frameworks. One example is the veto rule, that should be changed when EU is preparing for expansion. The past few years, we have seen many examples of countries backing each other up, with some countries, even in cases of human rights violations.
Changes also need to happen in prospective Member States, as they did in Slovenia, before we joined EU. This is where we, Slovenia, and the EU can support them. Financing stronger democracies, independent judiciary etc. Only then, when both the EU and prospective Member States introduce the needed reforms, could we step into this newly formed relationship in a way that is truly beneficial for all. Which it should be. For Slovenia, joining the EU was very beneficial so there is no doubt that the same could happen for the other countries of the Western Balkans.”
Prepared by Tibor Remškar.
THE ADRIATIC
This article was originally published in The Adriatic Journal: Strategic Foresight 2024
If you want a copy, please contact us at info@isr.si.
The Water is Rising
editor
Andraž Tavčar
JOURNALIST AT THE ADRIATIC
The Institute for Strategic Solutions, Slovenia’s leading private think-tank, convened its annual corporate strategy event in Skopje, in collaboration with the Slovenian Business Development Agency and the Economic Chamber of North Macedonia. In his opening remarks, Tine Kračun, the institute’s chief executive, emphasized the imperative for reinforced cooperation between the EU and Western Balkan economies to enhance the region’s prosperity and stability.
Following Slovenia’s severe flash floods last year and rising tensions from the Banjska attacks in Northern Kosovo, the conference provided a timely platform to discuss enhancing economic ties with the European Union, whose capacity to integrate new economies amid current challenges—be they environmental or geopolitical—presents a litmus test for the bloc’s objective of enlarging to Western Balkan countries by 2030.
Embracing clean energy
Themed by its title, The water is rising: Running businesses during times of crises, the roundtable discussion brought climate change and geopolitics to the forefront, engaging business leaders in a dialogue on how Macedonian companies can better prepare for and mitigate both of their increasingly costly impacts.
“Clearly, society has the tools to either lessen or completely eliminate climate change.” Vojdan Jordanov, chief executive of Triglav Insurance in Skopje, described a common reaction to the notion. “At first, you’re hit with this wave of disbelief or denial. Then, as it starts to sink in, you might find yourself getting really angry. But eventually, you come to terms with what’s happening, accepting the new reality, at which point you’re ready to roll up your sleeves and start coming up with solutions.”
In North Macedonia, efforts to embrace renewable energy frequently encounter obstacles due to complex and non-transparent administrative procedures. Not for a lack of trying, as the country has seen significant progress in its transition to greener energy sources. In 2023, its renewable electricity capacity saw an impressive increase of 160% compared to the previous year, largely attributable to hydropower.
Although hydropower represents the lion’s share of renewable energy production, many recent investments are yet to bear fruit. The country primarily relies on burning dirty lignite for about 50% of its total electricity generation, with the Bitola coal-fired power plant emitting a continuous plume of thick smoke and contributing to an escalating health crisis among local residents.
“The case of the local thermal power plant, REK Bitola, is an example where we could join forces to find a solution that would facilitate the transition from coal to more environmentally friendly sources and technologies,” the chief executive of NLB’s Macedonia branch, Branko Greganović, said, pointing to NLB bank’s investments into sustainable, low-carbon initiatives—termed ‘green financing’—which reached record levels last year.
There’s a growing trend among financial institutions to support businesses committed toward sustainability. “When a company seeks a loan from a bank, its operations undergo a detailed review,” continued Marija Dukovska Pavlovska, top executive and board member at Makstil AD, a Macedonian steel manufacturer. “The approval of their loan, as well as the conditions attached to it, hinge on their business practices.” The criteria for these often revolves around the ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) criteria a company adheres to, encompassing not only the company but the entirety of its supply chain.
With the ongoing rise in global temperatures, risks associated with elevated water levels and severe weather phenomena are intensifying beyond previous forecasts. Following a year marked by unparalleled flooding in Slovenia, The Triglav Group, a foremost insurer, was compelled to allocate a record-breaking sum, estimated in the range of EUR 150-200 million. “Should North Macedonia face significant flooding, the situation could become problematic, given that the country’s water management practices are less than ideal,” Jordanov pointed out, noting the vital role of insurance companies in merging business with climate data to bolster resilience throughout a company’s supply chain.
Geopolitics rears its head
While the need for governments and businesses to engage in climate change mitigation and adaptation is increasingly evident, Andrej Kariš, regional manager for the Intereuropa Group in Kosovo and North Macedonia, contends that businesses in the area typically incorporate climate risk into their financial planning. They now confront an additional challenge: inflation, driven by rising costs in energy, raw materials, and logistics services.
Additionally, disruptions in Red Sea shipping and the absence of a near-term solution are straining the already fragile manufacturing and global trade sectors, and potentially igniting new inflationary pressures.
Regionally, logistical challenges are compounded by unstable politics and inadequate infrastructure. Greganović is certain that without increased investment, the problems will only be exacerbated in the future. Presently, Western Balkan countries receive significantly less EU funding per capita compared to poorer EU member states. Moreover, the complex and sluggish procedures of Brussels make it difficult for recipient governments to fully leverage the available funds.
Jordanov argues that an open market and level playing field are essential for solidifying growth. And while North Macedonia stands to gain from the European trend towards ‘nearshoring’—the EU ambition to foster the development of strategic industries closer to home—, negative demographic trends could limit inward investment, with an increasing number of Macedonians leaving the country.
The 2021 census revealed a 9% drop in the North Macedonia’s population over the last twenty years. Young Macedonians, in particular, are moving abroad in search of better job opportunities and higher salaries.
In a warning to those in attendance, Marija Pavlovska stressed the challenges weren’t confined to North Macedonia but affected the entire region. “When are we going to start discussing this and looking for solutions,” she asked, urging a call to action. “It’s a matter of well-being, quality of life, access to health and social services. We need to identify solutions,” she added, as the “failure to do so could have dire consequences.”
THE ADRIATIC
This Institute for Strategic Solutions also held its sister event in Ljubljana at the beginning of the year.